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Brain stem sites mediating specific and non-specific temperature effects on thermoregulation in the pekin duck.

机译：脑干部位介导特定温度和非特定温度对北京烤鸭温度调节的影响。

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1. Thermodes were chronically implanted into various levels of the brain stem of sixteen Pekin ducks. The effects of local thermal stimulation on metabolic heat production, core temperature, peripheral skin temperature and respiratory frequency were investigated. 2. Four areas of thermode positions were determined according to the responses observed and were histologically identified at the end of the investigation. 3. Thermal stimulation of the lower mid-brain/upper pontine brain stem (Pos. III) elicited an increase in metabolic heat production, cutaneous vasoconstriction and rises in core temperature in response to cooling at thermoneutral and cold ambient conditions and, further, inhibition of panting by cooling and activation of panting by heating at warm ambient conditions. The metabolic response to cooling this brain stem section amounted to -0.1 W/kg. degrees C as compared with -7 W/kg. degrees C in response to total body cooling. 4. Cooling of the anterior and middle hypothalamus (Pos. II) caused vasodilatation in the skin and did not elicit shivering. The resulting drop in core temperature at a given degree of cooling was greater than the rise in core temperature in response to equivalent cooling of the lower mid-brain/upper pontine brain stem. 5. Cooling of the preoptic forebrain (Pos. I) and of the myelencephalon (Pos. IV) did not elicit thermoregulatory reactions. 6. It is concluded that the duck's brain stem contains thermoreceptive structures in the lower mid-brain/upper pontine section. However, the brain stem as a whole appears to contribute little to cold defence during general hypothermia because of the inhibitory effects originating in the anterior and middle hypothalamus. Cold defence in the duck, which is comparable in strength to that in mammals, has to rely on extracerebral thermosensory structures.
机译：1.将温度计长期植入到16只北京烤鸭的不同脑干中。研究了局部热刺激对代谢热产生，核心温度，周围皮肤温度和呼吸频率的影响。 2.根据观察到的反应确定了热熔体位置的四个区域，并在研究结束时进行了组织学鉴定。 3.下中脑/桥脑上脑干的热刺激（Pos。III）在热中性和寒冷环境条件下冷却引起代谢热产生增加，皮肤血管收缩和核心温度升高，并进一步抑制在温暖的环境条件下通过冷却气喘气和通过加热激活气喘气。冷却该脑干部分的代谢反应为-0.1 W / kg。摄氏-7度/公斤。摄氏度，以应对全身冷却。 4.下丘脑前部和中部的冷却（位置II）导致皮肤血管舒张，且未引起发抖。在给定的冷却度下，所得到的核心温度下降大于响应于下部中脑/桥脑上脑干的等效冷却所引起的核心温度上升。 5.视前前脑（位置I）和髓脑（位置IV）的冷却未引起温度调节反应。 6.结论是，鸭子的脑干在下部中脑/桥脑上部区域含有热感受器结构。然而，由于下丘脑前部和中部起抑制作用，因此在整个体温过低的情况下，整个脑干似乎对冷防御的作用很小。鸭子的冷防御能力与哺乳动物相当，必须依靠脑外的热感结构。

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